In the United States, suburban infrastructure evolved during an era of relatively easy access to fossil fuels, which has led to transportation-dependent living systems. Zoning reforms that allow for greater urban density, as well as designs for walking and cycling, can greatly reduce the energy consumed by transportation. The use of teleworking by large corporations is an important opportunity to save energy, as many Americans now hold service jobs that allow them to work from home instead of commuting.

Consumers are often misinformed about the savings from energy efficient products. A prominent example of this is the energy savings that can be achieved by replacing an incandescent light bulb with a more modern alternative. When purchasing light bulbs, many consumers opt for cheap incandescent bulbs, failing to take into account their higher energy costs and lifespan compared to modern LED and compact fluorescent bulbs. While these energy-efficient alternatives have a higher initial cost, their long lifespan and low energy use can save consumers considerable money.[9]​ The price of LED bulbs has also been steadily declining over the past five years due to improvements in semiconductor technology. Many LED bulbs on the market qualify for utility rebates that further reduce the consumer purchase price.[10]​ Estimates from the United States Department of Energy indicate that widespread adoption of LED lighting over the next 20 years could result in around $265 Billion in savings on US energy costs.[11]​.

The research that must be put into energy conservation is often too time-consuming and costly for the average consumer when there are cheaper products and technology available that use today's fossil fuels.[12] Some governments and NGOs are attempting to reduce this complexity with eco-labels that make differences in energy efficiency easy to research while shopping.[13]

To provide the kind of information and support that people need to invest money, time and effort in energy conservation, it is important to understand and engage with people's concerns.[14]​ For example, some retailers maintain that bright lighting stimulates purchasing. However, health studies have shown that headaches, stress, blood pressure, fatigue, and overall worker error are increased by the excessive lighting common in many workplaces and retail environments.[15]​[16]​ Natural light has been shown to increase worker productivity levels, while reducing energy consumption.[17]​.

In hot climates where air conditioning is used, any home device that emits heat will result in a greater load on the cooling system. Items such as stoves, dishwashers, clothes dryers, hot water, and incandescent lighting add heat to the home. Low-power or insulated versions of these devices emit less heat so that the conditioned air is removed. The air conditioning system can also improve its efficiency by using a cooler heat sink than the standard air heat exchanger, such as water or geothermal.

In cold climates, heating air and water is a big demand on home energy use. Significant energy reductions are possible through the use of different technologies. Heat pumps are a more efficient alternative to electric resistance heaters for heating air or water. A variety of efficient clothes dryers are available, and clothes lines do not require energy-only time. Natural gas condensing boilers and hot air furnaces increase efficiency compared to standard fireplace models. New construction that implements heat exchangers can capture heat from wastewater or exhaust air in bathrooms, laundry rooms, and kitchens.

In both extreme climates and cold climates, tightly insulated and thermally insulated construction is the most important factor determining the efficiency of a home. Insulation is added to minimize heat flow to or from the house, but it can require a lot of work to make modifications to an existing house.

Asia

Despite the vital role that energy efficiency is expected to play in cost-effectively reducing energy demand, only a small part of its economic potential is exploited in Asia. Governments have implemented a number of subsidies such as cash grants, cheap credit, tax exemptions and co-financing with public sector funds to encourage a range of energy efficiency initiatives in various sectors. Governments in the Asia-Pacific region have implemented a number of information provision and labeling programs for buildings, appliances, and the transport and industrial sectors. Information programs can simply provide data such as fuel economy labels, or actively seek to encourage behavioral changes such as Japan's Cool Biz campaign that encourages setting air conditioners to 28 degrees Celsius and allowing employees to dress casually in the summer.[18]​[19]​.

European Union

In late 2006, the European Union (EU) committed to reducing its annual primary energy consumption by 20% by 2020.[20]​ The 'European Union Energy Efficiency Action Plan' is highly anticipated. Directive 2012/27/EU is on energy efficiency.[21]​.

As part of the EU SAVE programme[22]​ which aims to promote energy efficiency and encourage energy-saving behaviour, the Boiler Efficiency Directive "Boiler (machine)")[23]​ specifies minimum efficiency levels for boilers using liquid or gaseous fuels.

India

The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) is an Indian government body established in 1978 that is dedicated to promoting energy efficiency and conservation in all walks of life. In the recent past, PCRA has done mass media campaigns on television, radio and print media. An impact assessment survey conducted by a third party revealed that due to these broader campaigns by PCRA, the general awareness level of the public increased, leading to fuel savings fossils worth thousands of rupees, besides reducing pollution.

The Office of Energy Efficiency") is an Indian government organization created in 2001 that is responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation.

Japan

Since the 1973 oil crisis, energy conservation has been an issue in Japan. All petroleum-based fuel is imported, so sustainable domestic energy is being developed.

The Energy Conservation Center[24]​ promotes energy efficiency in all aspects of Japan. Public entities are implementing the efficient use of energy for industries and research. It includes projects such as the Top Runner program.[25]​ In this project, new appliances are regularly tested for efficiency, and the most efficient ones become the standard.

Lebanon

In Lebanon and since 2002, the Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) has been promoting the development of efficient and rational uses of energy and the use of renewable energy at the consumer level. It was created as a project funded by the International Environment Facility (GEF) and the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) under the management of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and was gradually established as an independent national technical center, although continues to receive support from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as outlined in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between MEW and UNDP on June 18, 2007.

Nepal

Until recently, Nepal has focused on exploiting its enormous water resources to produce hydroelectric power. Demand-side management and energy conservation were not the focus of government action. In 2009, the Bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany agreed to jointly implement the "Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme". The main implementing agencies for implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The objective of the program is the promotion of energy efficiency in policy making, both in rural and urban households and in industry.[26] Due to the lack of a government organization promoting energy efficiency in the country, the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) established the Energy Efficiency Center under its roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Center is a non-profit initiative that offers energy audit services to industries. The Center is also supported by the Nepal Energy Efficiency Program of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.[27]​ A study conducted in 2012 found that Nepalese industries could save 160,000 megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 Terajoules of thermal energy (such as diesel, furnaces and coal) each year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cuts of up to 6,400 billion Nepalese rupees.[28]​[29]​ As a result of the 2014 Nepal Economic Forum,[30]​ an economic reform agenda was declared in priority sectors focusing on energy conservation, among others. In the energy reform agenda, the Government of Nepal committed to introduce incentive packages in the 2015/16 fiscal year budget for industries that practice energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (including cogeneration).[31]​.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is the government agency responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. The Energy Management Association of New Zealand is a membership-based organization representing the New Zealand energy services sector, providing training and accreditation services with the aim of ensuring that energy management services are reliable and trustworthy.[32]​.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, the Lagos State government is encouraging Indian lakes to imbibe a culture of energy conservation. The Lagos State Electricity Board (LSEB)[33]​ is spearheading an initiative tagged “Conserve Energy, Save Money” under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians on the issue of energy conservation by connecting and influencing their behavior through do-it-yourself tips[34]​ and exciting interaction with prominent personalities. In September 2013, Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola of Lagos State and rapper Jude 'MI' Abaga (campaign ambassador) ([35]​) participated in the governor's first Google+ Hangout [36]​ on the topic of energy conservation.

In addition to the meeting place, during the month of October (the official energy conservation month in the state), LSEB organized experience centers in shopping malls across Lagos State where members of the public were encouraged to calculate the current energy consumption in their homes and discover ways to save. money using the 1st consumer-centric energy app in sub-Saharan Africa.[37]​ For Lagos residents to start saving energy, solar lamps and Phillips energy-saving lamps were also provided at each experience center. Photos of the Experience Centers: (part of the Lagos State Government's energy initiatives).

In Kaduna State, Kaduna Power Supply Company (KAPSCO) led a program to replace all light bulbs in public offices; Install low-consumption light bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs. KAPSCO is also embarking on an initiative to retrofit all conventional street lights in Kaduna Metropolis to LEDs that consume much less energy.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka currently consumes fossil fuels, hydropower, wind power, solar power and dendro power for its daily power generation. Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority is playing an important role in energy management and energy conservation. Today, most industries must reduce their energy consumption by using renewable energy sources and optimizing their energy use.

Türkiye

Türkiye aims to reduce the amount of energy consumed by Türkiye's GDP by at least 20% by 2023 (energy intensity).[38]​.

USA

null Currently, the United States is the second largest individual consumer of energy, after China. The US Department of Energy classifies national energy use into four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.[39]​.

Energy consumption in the transportation and residential sectors, about half of energy consumption in the U.S., is largely controlled by individual consumers. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by business entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy use in all four sectors.

Another aspect of the energy conversation is the use of Energy Leadership and Environmental Design. (LEED) This program is not mandatory, it is voluntary. This program has many categories, Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite, applies to energy conservation. This section focuses on energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy efficiency and many more. This program is designed to promote energy efficiency and be a green building, which is part of conservation. As mentioned above, "energy conservation is an effort to reduce energy consumption."

• - Green computing.

• - Smart grid.

• - GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7.

• - Alexeew, Johannes; Carolin Anders and Hina Zia (2015): Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme. Berlin/New Delhi: adelphi/TERI.

• - Gary Steffy, Architectural Lighting Design, John Wiley and Sons (2001) ISBN 0-471-38638-3.

• - Lumina Technologies, Analysis of energy consumption in a San Francisco Bay Area research office complex, for (confidential) owner, Santa Rosa, Ca. May 17, 1996.

• - bigEE – Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings.

• - Energy saving advice and grants for UK consumers.

• - Energy efficiency and renewable energy at the U.S. Department of Energy.

• - EnergyStar Archived June 28, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. – for commercial buildings and plants.

• - Ulrich Hottelet: Want to Save the Earth? Pick a Clothesline, Atlantic Times, November 2007.

• - Energy Efficiency in Asia and the Pacific Asian Development Bank.

• - Energy Saving Tips Save up to $100 on power bills per year by switching off any unused appliances.

One of the main ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to conduct an energy audit. An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy use and energy conservation flows in a building, process or system with the goal of reducing energy input without negatively affecting production. This is typically performed by trained professionals and may be part of some of the national programs mentioned above. The recent development of smartphone applications allows homeowners to perform relatively sophisticated audits.[6]​.

Building technologies and smart meters can allow energy users, both commercial and residential, to visualize the impact their energy use can have on their workplace or homes. Advanced real-time energy measurement can help people save energy with their actions.[7]​.

In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are designed to collect, store, and distribute solar energy as heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The key to designing a passive solar building is to make better use of the local climate. Elements that must be considered include window placement and type of glazing, thermal insulation, thermal mass and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be more easily applied to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted.

In the United States, suburban infrastructure evolved during an era of relatively easy access to fossil fuels, which has led to transportation-dependent living systems. Zoning reforms that allow for greater urban density, as well as designs for walking and cycling, can greatly reduce the energy consumed by transportation. The use of teleworking by large corporations is an important opportunity to save energy, as many Americans now hold service jobs that allow them to work from home instead of commuting.

Consumers are often misinformed about the savings from energy efficient products. A prominent example of this is the energy savings that can be achieved by replacing an incandescent light bulb with a more modern alternative. When purchasing light bulbs, many consumers opt for cheap incandescent bulbs, failing to take into account their higher energy costs and lifespan compared to modern LED and compact fluorescent bulbs. While these energy-efficient alternatives have a higher initial cost, their long lifespan and low energy use can save consumers considerable money.[9]​ The price of LED bulbs has also been steadily declining over the past five years due to improvements in semiconductor technology. Many LED bulbs on the market qualify for utility rebates that further reduce the consumer purchase price.[10]​ Estimates from the United States Department of Energy indicate that widespread adoption of LED lighting over the next 20 years could result in around $265 Billion in savings on US energy costs.[11]​.

The research that must be put into energy conservation is often too time-consuming and costly for the average consumer when there are cheaper products and technology available that use today's fossil fuels.[12] Some governments and NGOs are attempting to reduce this complexity with eco-labels that make differences in energy efficiency easy to research while shopping.[13]

To provide the kind of information and support that people need to invest money, time and effort in energy conservation, it is important to understand and engage with people's concerns.[14]​ For example, some retailers maintain that bright lighting stimulates purchasing. However, health studies have shown that headaches, stress, blood pressure, fatigue, and overall worker error are increased by the excessive lighting common in many workplaces and retail environments.[15]​[16]​ Natural light has been shown to increase worker productivity levels, while reducing energy consumption.[17]​.

In hot climates where air conditioning is used, any home device that emits heat will result in a greater load on the cooling system. Items such as stoves, dishwashers, clothes dryers, hot water, and incandescent lighting add heat to the home. Low-power or insulated versions of these devices emit less heat so that the conditioned air is removed. The air conditioning system can also improve its efficiency by using a cooler heat sink than the standard air heat exchanger, such as water or geothermal.

In cold climates, heating air and water is a big demand on home energy use. Significant energy reductions are possible through the use of different technologies. Heat pumps are a more efficient alternative to electric resistance heaters for heating air or water. A variety of efficient clothes dryers are available, and clothes lines do not require energy-only time. Natural gas condensing boilers and hot air furnaces increase efficiency compared to standard fireplace models. New construction that implements heat exchangers can capture heat from wastewater or exhaust air in bathrooms, laundry rooms, and kitchens.

In both extreme climates and cold climates, tightly insulated and thermally insulated construction is the most important factor determining the efficiency of a home. Insulation is added to minimize heat flow to or from the house, but it can require a lot of work to make modifications to an existing house.

Asia

Despite the vital role that energy efficiency is expected to play in cost-effectively reducing energy demand, only a small part of its economic potential is exploited in Asia. Governments have implemented a number of subsidies such as cash grants, cheap credit, tax exemptions and co-financing with public sector funds to encourage a range of energy efficiency initiatives in various sectors. Governments in the Asia-Pacific region have implemented a number of information provision and labeling programs for buildings, appliances, and the transport and industrial sectors. Information programs can simply provide data such as fuel economy labels, or actively seek to encourage behavioral changes such as Japan's Cool Biz campaign that encourages setting air conditioners to 28 degrees Celsius and allowing employees to dress casually in the summer.[18]​[19]​.

European Union

In late 2006, the European Union (EU) committed to reducing its annual primary energy consumption by 20% by 2020.[20]​ The 'European Union Energy Efficiency Action Plan' is highly anticipated. Directive 2012/27/EU is on energy efficiency.[21]​.

As part of the EU SAVE programme[22]​ which aims to promote energy efficiency and encourage energy-saving behaviour, the Boiler Efficiency Directive "Boiler (machine)")[23]​ specifies minimum efficiency levels for boilers using liquid or gaseous fuels.

India

The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) is an Indian government body established in 1978 that is dedicated to promoting energy efficiency and conservation in all walks of life. In the recent past, PCRA has done mass media campaigns on television, radio and print media. An impact assessment survey conducted by a third party revealed that due to these broader campaigns by PCRA, the general awareness level of the public increased, leading to fuel savings fossils worth thousands of rupees, besides reducing pollution.

The Office of Energy Efficiency") is an Indian government organization created in 2001 that is responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation.

Japan

Since the 1973 oil crisis, energy conservation has been an issue in Japan. All petroleum-based fuel is imported, so sustainable domestic energy is being developed.

The Energy Conservation Center[24]​ promotes energy efficiency in all aspects of Japan. Public entities are implementing the efficient use of energy for industries and research. It includes projects such as the Top Runner program.[25]​ In this project, new appliances are regularly tested for efficiency, and the most efficient ones become the standard.

Lebanon

In Lebanon and since 2002, the Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) has been promoting the development of efficient and rational uses of energy and the use of renewable energy at the consumer level. It was created as a project funded by the International Environment Facility (GEF) and the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) under the management of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and was gradually established as an independent national technical center, although continues to receive support from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as outlined in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between MEW and UNDP on June 18, 2007.

Nepal

Until recently, Nepal has focused on exploiting its enormous water resources to produce hydroelectric power. Demand-side management and energy conservation were not the focus of government action. In 2009, the Bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany agreed to jointly implement the "Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme". The main implementing agencies for implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The objective of the program is the promotion of energy efficiency in policy making, both in rural and urban households and in industry.[26] Due to the lack of a government organization promoting energy efficiency in the country, the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) established the Energy Efficiency Center under its roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Center is a non-profit initiative that offers energy audit services to industries. The Center is also supported by the Nepal Energy Efficiency Program of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.[27]​ A study conducted in 2012 found that Nepalese industries could save 160,000 megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 Terajoules of thermal energy (such as diesel, furnaces and coal) each year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cuts of up to 6,400 billion Nepalese rupees.[28]​[29]​ As a result of the 2014 Nepal Economic Forum,[30]​ an economic reform agenda was declared in priority sectors focusing on energy conservation, among others. In the energy reform agenda, the Government of Nepal committed to introduce incentive packages in the 2015/16 fiscal year budget for industries that practice energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (including cogeneration).[31]​.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is the government agency responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. The Energy Management Association of New Zealand is a membership-based organization representing the New Zealand energy services sector, providing training and accreditation services with the aim of ensuring that energy management services are reliable and trustworthy.[32]​.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, the Lagos State government is encouraging Indian lakes to imbibe a culture of energy conservation. The Lagos State Electricity Board (LSEB)[33]​ is spearheading an initiative tagged “Conserve Energy, Save Money” under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians on the issue of energy conservation by connecting and influencing their behavior through do-it-yourself tips[34]​ and exciting interaction with prominent personalities. In September 2013, Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola of Lagos State and rapper Jude 'MI' Abaga (campaign ambassador) ([35]​) participated in the governor's first Google+ Hangout [36]​ on the topic of energy conservation.

In addition to the meeting place, during the month of October (the official energy conservation month in the state), LSEB organized experience centers in shopping malls across Lagos State where members of the public were encouraged to calculate the current energy consumption in their homes and discover ways to save. money using the 1st consumer-centric energy app in sub-Saharan Africa.[37]​ For Lagos residents to start saving energy, solar lamps and Phillips energy-saving lamps were also provided at each experience center. Photos of the Experience Centers: (part of the Lagos State Government's energy initiatives).

In Kaduna State, Kaduna Power Supply Company (KAPSCO) led a program to replace all light bulbs in public offices; Install low-consumption light bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs. KAPSCO is also embarking on an initiative to retrofit all conventional street lights in Kaduna Metropolis to LEDs that consume much less energy.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka currently consumes fossil fuels, hydropower, wind power, solar power and dendro power for its daily power generation. Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority is playing an important role in energy management and energy conservation. Today, most industries must reduce their energy consumption by using renewable energy sources and optimizing their energy use.

Türkiye

Türkiye aims to reduce the amount of energy consumed by Türkiye's GDP by at least 20% by 2023 (energy intensity).[38]​.

USA

null Currently, the United States is the second largest individual consumer of energy, after China. The US Department of Energy classifies national energy use into four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.[39]​.

Energy consumption in the transportation and residential sectors, about half of energy consumption in the U.S., is largely controlled by individual consumers. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by business entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy use in all four sectors.

Another aspect of the energy conversation is the use of Energy Leadership and Environmental Design. (LEED) This program is not mandatory, it is voluntary. This program has many categories, Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite, applies to energy conservation. This section focuses on energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy efficiency and many more. This program is designed to promote energy efficiency and be a green building, which is part of conservation. As mentioned above, "energy conservation is an effort to reduce energy consumption."

• - Green computing.

• - Smart grid.

• - GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7.

• - Alexeew, Johannes; Carolin Anders and Hina Zia (2015): Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme. Berlin/New Delhi: adelphi/TERI.

• - Gary Steffy, Architectural Lighting Design, John Wiley and Sons (2001) ISBN 0-471-38638-3.

• - Lumina Technologies, Analysis of energy consumption in a San Francisco Bay Area research office complex, for (confidential) owner, Santa Rosa, Ca. May 17, 1996.

• - bigEE – Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings.

• - Energy saving advice and grants for UK consumers.

• - Energy efficiency and renewable energy at the U.S. Department of Energy.

• - EnergyStar Archived June 28, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. – for commercial buildings and plants.

• - Ulrich Hottelet: Want to Save the Earth? Pick a Clothesline, Atlantic Times, November 2007.

• - Energy Efficiency in Asia and the Pacific Asian Development Bank.

• - Energy Saving Tips Save up to $100 on power bills per year by switching off any unused appliances.