Audit of real places | Construpedia

Audit of real places

Introduction

Paris (French: ) is the capital of France and the Ile-de-France region. It is the most populated city in the country and the only single-communal department in France. Its metropolitan area is the largest in population in the entire European Union.

It is located in the center of the Paris basin, on a loop of the Seine River, between the confluences of the Marne and the Oise. It was occupied since the century BC. C. by the Gaulish town of the Parisii, in the original site of Lutetia, from which it takes its name from Paris around the year 310, to spread into its surrounding area. Capital of the Frankish kingdom during the reign of Clovis I, Paris became one of the main cities of France during the 19th century, with royal palaces, rich abbeys and a cathedral.[6].

During the 19th century, with the University of Paris, the city became one of Europe's first centers for education and the arts. With royal power fixed in this city, its economic and political importance continued to grow. Thus, at the beginning of the century, Paris was one of the most important cities in the Christian world. From the century, it was the metropolis of the French colonial empire until the century.

In the centuries and it was the capital of the main power of the West.[7] In the century, it was the capital first of the Napoleonic Empire and then of the arts and pleasures. In the centuries and , it is one of the main cities of the European Union. Since the Middle Ages, Paris has been a prominent center of culture, economy and politics, making it an influential city.

The city of Paris has a population of approximately 2.2 million inhabitants in 2023.[2] However, in the 19th century, the metropolitan area of Paris expanded beyond the limits of the municipality of Paris, and is today, with a population of 14,684,473 inhabitants in 2022, the most populous metropolitan area on the European continent[8] and the 28th in the world.[4] The Paris region is, along with London, one of the most important economic centers in Europe.[9] With 607 billion euros ($845 billion), it produced more than a quarter of France's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011.[10] La Défense is the main business district in Europe,[11] it is home to the headquarters of almost half of the largest French companies, as well as the headquarters of twenty of the hundred largest in the world. world.

Also known as the "City of Light" (in French, * Ville lumière *), it is the most visited tourist destination in the world, with more than 42 million foreign visitors per year. Heart "Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Paris)"), the Invalides Palace, the Pantheon, the Arch of Defense, the Opera Garnier and the Montmartre neighborhood, among others. It also has museums such as the Louvre, the Orsay Museum and the French National Museum of Natural History, as well as an extensive higher education system. Paris occupies a leading place in the world in the field of culture, gastronomy, fashion and luxury.

Audit of real places

Introduction

Etymology

Its name comes from the Gallic people "Gaul (Galia)") of the Parisians (in Latin, Parisii). The word "Paris" derives from the Latin Civitas Parisiorum ('the city of the Parisi'), a designation that predominated over Lutetia (whose full name was Lutetia Parisii). The origin of the name of the parisii is not known with certainty.[13].

Paris has many nicknames, the most famous of which is the "City of Light" (la Ville lumière), a name that refers to its fame as a center of arts and education, but also (and perhaps for the same reason) to its early adoption of urban lighting.

The demonym of the inhabitants of Paris is "Parisian" which in French is parisien [paʁizjɛ̃]. French people living outside of Paris sometimes refer to its inhabitants as parigots [paʁigo], but the once derogatory term has been adopted by Parisians and has lost that connotation.

Jacques-Antoine Dulaure gave a possible explanation for the origin of the name of the parisii, associating it with the Egyptian goddess Isis, due to the discovery of a statue of the goddess found in the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.[14] This statue was thin, tall, upright, black, almost naked, dressed in clothing decorated in folds around its limbs and was located on the wall on the north side, where the crucifix of the church: it was called the idol of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.[15].

The writer François Maspero states that the cult of Isis was widespread in France, especially in the Paris basin. There were temples of Isis everywhere according to Western terminology, but it would be more accurate to say of the "House of Isis" because these temples were called in Egyptian Per or Par, a word that in ancient Egyptian means exactly 'the enclosure that surrounds the house'. Paris would be the result of the juxtaposition of Per/Par-Isis, a word that designates the cities of Egypt.[16][17].

The Parisii also gave their name to the towns of Villeparisis, Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Fontenay-en-Parisis and the region of Parisis (also known as Plaine de France and which in turn gave the name France to the entire country).

History

Ancient Age

The Parisians, a Gallic people "Gaul (Galia)") from which the name of Paris is derived, dominated the sector when Julius Caesar's troops besieged the place. It is believed that the Parisians founded the city between and , although the exact location of the Gallic city is unknown; However, there are several indications that indicate that they settled on what is now the Ile de la Cité, especially for reasons of strategic defense as the settlement was protected by the arms of the Seine River that flank said river island.

When the Romans took the city, they renamed it Lutetia (Lutetia) and rebuilt it during the century on the left bank of the Secuana (Seine) River. In the century Emperor Julian II established his headquarters during a winter on the Isle of France.

Middle and Modern Ages

Paris takes its current name in the century and Clovis, king of the Franks, makes it its capital in 508, after his victory over the Romans. During the century protective walls were built on the right bank, while the left was destroyed by the Normans in 885.

When the Capetians gain the throne of France in 987, Paris is one of the two great cities of their personal domain. With Philip Augustus (1180-1223) Paris definitively became the capital of the kingdom. A new wall is built protecting a larger sector. In the 19th century, Charles V (1371-1380) created a wall even larger than the one mentioned above.

Between the end of the century and the beginning of the century, Henry IV built the first modern architectural complexes such as the Place des Vosges. His successor Louis XIII extends the wall of Charles V on the right bank. Louis XIV destroys that wall and orders the first great boulevards to be built in its place.

At the beginning of this period, the city is the center of important sociocultural transformations"). In 1527, Francis I moved the court again to Paris, specifically to the Louvre Castle, which was rebuilt. Central figures of this stage were Henry IV and Catherine de' Medici, who ordered the construction of the Tuileries Palace. The city would be an important Gothic and Renaissance center and its population in 1500 was 185,000 inhabitants, the second in Europe after Constantinople. During this stage, a lot of urban planning work was carried out, the most notable being the creation of "royal squares" with different shapes. These squares were surrounded by houses, with the statue of a king in the center and had the objective of reactivating different parts of the city or articulating streets. Some examples are the Place Dauphine and the Place des Vosges. The organization of the city was also started very timidly by laying out some boulevards; in the century already with global planning of the city.

On August 24, 1572, the massacre on the night of Saint Bartholomew "Saint Bartholomew (France)") broke out in this city, a capital episode in the so-called wars of religion.

As the most important city in France and the center of power, Paris welcomed several of the most important personalities in history in this period, thinkers such as Voltaire, rulers such as Louis XIV and statesmen such as Richelieu, Colbert and Mazarin. Furthermore, the city and especially the nearby town of Versailles, became an example of what the architecture of a capital should be. In 1786, the transfer of human bones from the Les Halles cemetery began to the quarries excavated in the Gallo-Roman era at a depth of 20 meters at the bases of Montparnasse, Montrouge and Montsorius, thus forming the famous catacombs of Paris.

At the end of the century, the taking of the Bastille fortress, which was located in the east of the city, became the symbolic start of the French Revolution, a process of profound transformation of the country that had begun in Paris shortly before, during the States General of 1789.

Contemporary Age

After proclaiming himself emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte decided on Paris as the capital of his Empire, after having considered Lyon for such a privilege. Under the reign of Louis Philippe, the city accelerates its rate of growth. At this time, Pierre Daunou drafted the Year VIII Constitution.

The transformation of Paris during the Second Empire of Napoleon III (1852-1870) gave the city its current appearance.[18] The emperor commissioned Baron Haussmann to carry out the necessary changes to turn Paris into the most modern city in the world in his time. Much of the ancient and medieval city was demolished to make way for grand boulevards and modern buildings, the most notable of which was the Opera Garnier. Water pipelines and other important advances in public works were built. This period came to an end after the fall of the emperor as a result of the defeat suffered by his army in the Franco-Prussian War, after which the city witnessed the formation of the Paris Commune, in which the citizens of the city sought to found a government managed by the people, this movement was bloodily dissolved, after heroic popular resistance. In the eighties and nineties of the century they continued to give the city its best-known appearance.

During the second half of the century, Paris hosted several universal exhibitions. The most notable took place in 1889 on the occasion of the commemoration of the first centenary of the revolution. For this event the Eiffel Tower was built which, although it had to be dismantled once the exhibition was over, currently remains in its original location.[19].

The century began with the inauguration of the first line of the Paris Metro, whose works had begun in 1898. In 1900 another World Exhibition "Paris Universal Exhibition (1900)") was held, the most notable in Paris, for which notable works of architecture were built that still stand, such as the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais, the station and now the Orsay Museum, the Alexander III Bridge and the Lyon Station. In 1919 the demolition of the fortifications surrounding Paris began.

In 1940, within the framework of World War II, the city was occupied by the Wehrmacht as a result of the armistice signed with Nazi Germany. Paris was administered by the occupation forces, who abandoned it after four years without causing significant damage, compared to the damage suffered in other European cities in that war. For the Allies, Paris was not a place of strategic importance and therefore they preferred to avoid the liberation of Paris since their objective was to soon cross the Rhine. However, General De Gaulle managed to convince them of the need to liberate Paris due to the fear that a communist regime would be established in the republic if the resistance defeated the Germans.[20] After the liberation, Parisian women suspected of collaborating with the Germans were humiliated and shaved.[21].

During General De Gaulle's terms from 1958 to 1969, several political events took place in the capital. In 1961, a demonstration in favor of Algerian independence was violently repressed "Paris Massacre (1961)"). In 1968, a student movement started at the University of Nanterre unleashed more than a month of protests and strikes by uniting with a broad social movement of demands: the French May. On May 13, hundreds of thousands of people were protesting against police violence. After two months of turmoil and unrest, the French voted in favor of General de Gaulle in the legislative elections in June and calm partially returned.

Geography

Contenido

París está situado en el norte de Francia,[23] en el centro de la cuenca parisina. La ciudad es atravesada por el río Sena. En el centro de la ciudad destacan dos islas que constituyen su parte más antigua, Île Saint-Louis y la Isla de la Cité. En general, la ciudad es relativamente plana, y la altitud más baja es de 35 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Alrededor del centro de París destacan varias colinas, siendo la más alta Montmartre con 130 metros.

La última gran modificación del área de París[24] ocurrió en 1860. Además de la anexión de arrabales periféricos y de darle su forma moderna, en esta modificación se crearon veinte arrondissements (distritos municipales), dispuestos en forma de espiral y siguiendo el sentido de las agujas del reloj. De los 78 km² que abarcaba París en 1860, la ciudad se amplió a hasta los 86,9 km² en la década de 1920. En 1929 los parques forestales bosque de Boulogne y bosque de Vincennes se anexaron oficialmente a la ciudad, lo que conformó su área actual de 105,4 km².

El área urbana se extiende mucho más allá de los límites de la ciudad, con extensiones de crecimiento urbano a lo largo de los ríos Sena y Marne "Marne (río)") hacia el sudeste y este, así como a lo largo del Sena y del río Oise al noroeste y norte. Más allá de los principales suburbios, la densidad de población desciende bruscamente: una mezcla de bosques y de zonas agrícolas con una serie de ciudades satélites distribuidas de manera dispersa y relativamente uniforme. Esta corona urbana, cuando se combina con la aglomeración de París, completa el área urbana de París, que abarca un óvalo 14 518 km², un área cerca de 138 veces mayor que la de París.

Climate

The climate of Paris is a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) or (also called "transitional climate") as it is far from the coast. Precipitation is somewhat abundant but not excessive, with an average of approximately 634 mm and is distributed throughout the year on a regular basis without having a notable minimum rainfall (that is, a dry season). Temperatures in summer can occasionally exceed 30 °C, although they rarely exceed 35 °C; Maximum temperatures are usually between 25 °C and 30 °C and storms are frequent. Spring and the first month of autumn are mild, with abundant rainy days. During much of the fall and throughout the winter it is cold. In some months (especially in December, January and February) the cold is intense, with temperatures that barely exceed 7 degrees maximum and minimum temperatures that often do not reach 0 degrees.[25].

Hydrography

The Seine runs through the city in an arc, entering from the southeast and exiting from the southwest. More than thirty bridges cross the river.

The city is also crossed by the Bièvre, a modest river now entirely underground, which enters from the south, and by the Canal Saint-Martin (4.5 km), inaugurated in 1825. It forms the terminal part of the Ourcq canal (108 km) and the Saint-Denis canal (6.6 km), inaugurated in 1821, which joins the Seine downstream, bypassing the city. It feeds the Bassin de la Villette, passes underground under the boulevards Jules-Ferry and Richard-Lenoir and the Place de la Bastille, crosses the Port de l'Arsenal and joins the Seine upstream of the Île Saint-Louis.[28].

In ancient times, the Seine had another tributary in Paris: the Ménilmontant stream, which crossed the suburbs of Saint-Martin and Saint-Denis, passed behind the Grange-Batelière, continued through Ville-l'Évêque and Roule and emptied into the Seine north of the hill of Chaillot. Beginning in the 19th century, it was transformed into a sewer and became the Grand Égout, which was covered around 1760.[29].

Other watercourses have crossed Paris, such as the ru Orgueilleux (sometimes written ru des Orgueuilleux), the darde du fond de Rouvray, the ruisseau de Gravelle, the ruisseau de Montreuil - also known as the ruisseau de la Pissotte - and the ruisseau de Saint-Germain.[30]

The city has been affected by numerous floods, of which the most important before the century were those of 583, 842, 1206, 1280, 1325, 1407, 1499, 1616, 1658, 1663, 1719, 1733, 1740, 1764, 1799, 1802, 1836, 1844 and 1876. The most recent major floods were those of the Seine in 1910, 1924, 1955, 1982 and 2016.[31].

Relief

The Paris area extends around a wide valley that encompasses the current course of the Seine, the Bièvre basin in Neolithic times, and the course of the Seine prior to this basin, which formed an arc from Bercy to the Pont de l'Alma around the Grands Boulevards.[32] This ancient course, which divided into multiple branches, was a marshy area drained in the Middle Ages and flooded in 1910. This alluvial plain extends north to the streets of Paradis, Bleue, Lamartine, Saint-Lazare, de la Pépinière and de la Boétie, whose course corresponds to an ancient moat that in the Middle Ages marked the limit of the Marais Sainte-Opportune.

Beyond, the terrain rises towards the Col de la Chapelle to the east, the Butte Montmartre in the center and, gently sloping "Slope (geography)"), towards the wide pass at an altitude of 40 to 50 meters between this butte and the hill of Chaillot. Beyond this pass, the very gentle slope towards the Seine in Levallois-Perret and Clichy corresponds to the districts of Plaine-de-Monceaux and Batignolles. On the left bank, the valley extends westwards to the 7th arrondissement and the neighborhoods of Grenelle and Javel, and eastwards to the neighborhoods of Jardin-des-Plantes, Salpêtrière and Gare. The altitude of these areas, which ranges between 31 and 39 meters, is just above the average level of the river, which is 26.72 meters.

Erosion between the two courses of the river, the current and the former, had left the modest and unsinkable eminences of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, Saint-Jacques-la-Boucherie, Saint-Merri, Saint-Gervais, the Butte des Moulins and the Butte Saint-Roch on the right bank, which were largely leveled during the development works. However, the Saint-Gervais hill can still be seen around the church of the same name. The stairs on rue Saint-Bon and rue Cloche-Perce leading to rue de Rivoli and the tower of Saint-Jacques, a vestige of the ancient church of the same name, also bear witness to the leveling operations of the Second Empire.

This valley is surrounded by hills that are buttes-témoins: on the right bank, Montmartre (131 m), Belleville (128.5 m), Ménilmontant (108 m), Buttes-Chaumont (103 m), Passy (71 m) and Chaillot (67 m), and on the left bank, Montparnasse (66 m), Butte-aux-Cailles (63 m) and Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (61 m) (Canal de l'Ourcq, Canal Saint-Martin) and by rail from the Gare du Nord and Gare de l'Est stations.

Although it has been filled in for several meters in the 13th arrondissement, the Bièvre Valley, now underground, can be seen between Mont Sainte-Geneviève, Montparnasse and Montsouris to the west, and the Butte-aux-Cailles to the east.

Furthermore, the rubble of the so-called wall of Charles V, plus accumulations of rubbish, had formed a series of small mounds used as fortifications at the beginning of the century: the bastion of the Porte Saint-Antoine to the east of the current boulevard Beaumarchais, the bastion of the Temple to the north of the current Place de la République, the bastion of Saint-Martin, the mound of Bonne-Nouvelle, the mound of Moulins and the mound of Saint-Roch.

Geology

Paris is located in the central part of the Paris basin. This geological unit is a basin facing north-northwest/south-southeast, delimited by the Hercynian massifs (Ardennes, Hunsrück, Vosges, Morvan, Massif Central and Massif Armoricain), on which sedimentary terrain has accumulated. The center of this basin is located in the Brie region, in Courgivaux, south of Château-Thierry, 80 km east of the capital.[35] The geology of Paris and its surroundings is a synthesis of this set.

The first sediments (sandstones and shales) were deposited on the crystalline basement by a shallow sea during the Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian periods (540 to 358 million years ago). After emersion in the Carboniferous and Permian periods (358 to 252 million years ago), warm seas invaded the basin, depositing microorganisms that formed layers of limestone, then retreated and returned. These phases of marine transgressions and emersion, interspersed with lacustrine episodes, formed successive layers of limestone, sand, gypsum and marl under the soil of Paris, above the oldest deeply buried strata, with a total thickness of about 2,500 meters over several cycles.

• - Dano-Montian Cycle, about 60 million years ago. The western sea deposited pisolitic limestone (pea-shaped irregular-grained limestone).

• - Thanétien Cycle, from 59 to 55 million years ago. The Paris Basin is a gulf open to the north in a tropical climate where a calcareous bed forms that absorbs the products of continental erosion.

• - Ypresian Cycle from 55 to 47 million years ago. The Paris Basin is covered by a sea to the north and northwest. At this time the Artois anticline was formed, separating the Paris basin from Flanders. To the south of the Seine Valley and in the Brie region up to Provins, plastic clays were deposited from the Massif Central through rivers that flowed into lagoons.

• - Lutetian Cycle from 47 to 41 million years ago. The marine deposits reach Houdan and Melun. A new uplift of the Artois anticline definitively separates the Paris basin from Flanders. During this period thick limestones are formed.

• - Recreational cycle from 38 to 34 million years ago. After a period of immersion, the sea withdrew, leaving a lagoon-shaped depression "Depression (geography)" through which rivers flowed from the east. This lake dried up, giving rise to the formation of gypsum brought by the fresh water that had washed the saline soils of Lorraine.

• - Staminal cycle from 34 to 28 million years ago. Period of the last return of the sea, which deposited the sands of Fontainebleau.

• - Aquitanian cycle from 23 to 20 million years ago. This is the last lake cycle. The lakes dried up progressively, first temporarily in summer and then permanently. At this time the partially silicified Beauce limestone was formed.

• - Miocene from 20 to 5 million years ago. After the drying of Lake Beauce, the region experienced a humid subtropical climate, during which the surface rocks were altered, forming flint clay and millstone. This was followed by a period of cooling, during which the surface was covered by a blanket of wind-blown dust, loess, a mixture of limestone, clay and sand grains that made the calcareous plateaus fertile.

Environment

Air pollution is a public health problem in Paris, which motivated the creation of the Airparif surveillance network in 1984[42] and, since 2001, policies to reduce the city's vehicle fleet, particularly the most polluting vehicles.[43] According to a study published in 2021 in the journal The Lancet Planetary Health, Paris is the fourth European city with mortality due to exposure to nitrogen dioxide, emitted mainly by traffic. road and especially by diesel engines, is higher.[44].

Paris's urban density, which is three times that of London, is the result of taller buildings, fewer terraced houses and fewer green spaces[45] (2,300 hectares, including forests),[46] with relatively limited biodiversity.[47] With the exception of the creation of Parc de la Villette in the 1980s,[48] green spaces have only recently recovered.[49].

In the event of a transport interruption, Paris's capacity for resistance is marginal, with only a few days of food self-sufficiency40, especially since the disappearance of the orchard belt that surrounded Paris in the 20th century41. Île-de-France is only 10% self-sufficient in fresh vegetables, 1.5% in fruits, 12% in eggs and 1% in milk, and only achieves food self-sufficiency in wheat (159%) and sugar (117%).[50].

Paris is an urban heat island, with an average nighttime excess of more than 3 °C.[51] As a consequence, the heat wave of August 2003 caused a mortality rate higher than the national average in the Île-de-France region.[52] Also recognized as a climate moderating factor, urban agriculture occupied a very modest place in 2016 compared to other metropolises such as Detroit, Montreal, Berlin or Brussels, with only forty-four installations. agricultural (1.6 hectares on roofs and 1.3 hectares on the ground). The city has set a goal of 33 hectares by 2020, mobilizing the space on Parisian rooftops.[53].

In 2023, the capital had two hundred and twenty agricultural spaces of 30 hectares.

On September 15, 2021, Paris City Hall opened the doors of the Climate Academy in the 4th arrondissement City Hall. The goal of the academy is to reflect and act against global warming in Paris. It is only open to young people between nine and twenty-five years old.

The French General Commission for Sustainable Development (Commissariat général au développement durable), dependent on the Ministry for the Ecological Transition, has published a report showing an improvement in outdoor air quality in France. Emissions linked to human activity decreased between 2000 and 2018 for most of the pollutants studied: sulfur dioxide emissions, coming from industry, were divided by five due to the development of renewable energies and stricter regulation, while nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 54%, mainly due to the renewal of the vehicle fleet.

However, ozone and five other pollutants exceed regulatory air quality standards, and large cities, such as the capital, are frequently affected by these pollution spikes.[54] Average annual ozone levels in the Paris metropolitan area increased by 90% between 1995 and 2017.[55].

Demography

París es el centro de un área metropolitana con 12 292 895 habitantes (2011),[4] la primera de la Unión Europea. El municipio central suma un total de 2 249 975 habitantes (2011),[2] población menor a la de su máximo demográfico que fue en 1921. No obstante, en los últimos años ha vuelto a crecer como ha sucedido en otras grandes metrópolis.

La población de París era de 25 000 habitantes en el , número que aumentó hasta los 80 000 en el año 150. Tras las invasiones francas la ciudad perdió población contando con 50 000 habitantes en 510 y llegando al mínimo en el año 1000, tras las invasiones vikingas, llegó a contar con un total aproximado de 20 000 habitantes.

Alrededor del 1340 la ciudad tenía hasta 300 mil habitantes.[61] En 1801 según el primer censo la ciudad tenia 546 856.[62].

A partir de los años 1950, la población del municipio de París sufrió un importante descenso, a pesar de un aumento en la vivienda, pero desde 1999 el descenso se detuvo.[63] El último censo muestra un crecimiento de + 2,5 % entre 1999 y 2006. El tamaño promedio de los hogares ha descendido en París: el declive de la convivencia de las generaciones de adultos y un menor número de hijos por pareja ha sido durante mucho tiempo la principal explicación. Sin embargo, la disminución de tamaño del hogar se debe principalmente a la atracción que los adultos jóvenes sin hijos tienen, ya que pueden disfrutar del ocio y el empleo en la capital y sufragar los gastos de inmuebles de pequeñas superficies. En contraste, las parejas con niños tienden a migrar a los suburbios, cuyas casas son más adecuadas y más baratas.[64][65] Esta dinámica de cercanías de París y el resto de su región explica por qué el 58 % de los hogares tienen una o dos habitaciones.[66].

Crime and delinquency

The Parisian capital also explains why the city is sometimes the victim of attacks. Both under Napoleon I and, closer to us, during the RER B attack in Saint-Michel in July 1995 or during those of November 13, 2015, Parisian history is marked by these events of high symbolic value, which is not without consequences for the daily life of the city, particularly with the implementation of the Vigipirate plan, which sees a reinforced presence of police, gendarmes and soldiers near tourist and strategic places in the capital. The Île-de-France region alone accounts for more than a quarter of the crimes and offenses committed in metropolitan France.

Within the region, the Grande Couronne, the Petite Couronne and the Paris intramurals each represent around a third of the total number of observed events. The typology of Parisian crime continues to be largely dominated by robberies, which account for two-thirds of crimes and misdemeanors. In 2006, 255,238 incidents were recorded, that is, a crime rate of 118.58 acts per 1,000 inhabitants (crimes and misdemeanors), which represents almost double the national average (61.03) but is within the average of the large cities of France (Lyon: 109.22, Lille: 118.93, Nice: 119.52, Marseille: 120.62).

The proportion of accused women is less than 15% (slightly lower than the national average) and the proportion of minors is 11.02%, that is, seven points less than the French average of 18.33%. The first months of 2019 show, after an increase in 2018, an increase in almost all statistical indicators of delinquency. In October 2019, intentional attacks on physical integrity increased by 9% inside Paris (more than 35,000 attacks since the beginning of this year).

Administration and politics

En su calidad de principal urbe del país, París es la sede del gobierno central y la administración francesa, y acoge las principales representaciones diplomáticas extranjeras, siendo a la vez una de las ciudades más destacadas en el ámbito político de la Unión Europea (UE).

El poder ejecutivo, representado por el presidente de la República, tiene su sede en el palacio del Elíseo. Por su parte, el primer ministro tiene su despacho en el Hotel Matignon. Los poderes legislativo y judicial de Francia también tienen su sede en París.

En 2014, Anne Hidalgo se convierte en la primera alcaldesa de París en la historia al vencer con un 53,34 % frente a la conservadora Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, que ha quedado a nueve puntos, con un 44,06 %.[1].

El poder legislativo es representado por el Consejo de París") compuesto de consejeros. Los consejeros de París son 163 y son elegidos por seis años. El consejo elige el alcalde para seis años.

Administrative organization

Since the law of July 10, 1964,[67] which administratively reorganized the Paris region, came into full force on January 1, 1968, the city of Paris is both a department and a commune. Previously, Paris had been, since 1790, the prefecture of the Seine department "Seine (department)").[68]

Unlike other French metropolises, there is no intercommunal structure with its own taxation that links the city with its suburbs. It also differs in that, unlike other large international metropolises, the city only comprises the mere center of the conurbation.

The department of Paris has no other subdivision than the single commune that composes it. This is in turn divided into twenty municipal districts (arrondissements municipaux), created as a result of the territorial expansion of 1860, which replace the twelve districts that previously existed since October 11, 1795, and into 21 electoral constituencies.

Finances and budgets

In 2009 the budgets of the Paris city council and department reached 7.3 billion euros, of which 5.7 billion were current expenses and 1.6 billion investments.[69] Likewise, the Paris City Council and department have debts of 26.6 billion euros.[70] Taxes generate 55% of income, the state 24% and real estate management 15%, the balance corresponds to debt. Paris City Hall has a triple A rating (rating given by risk rating agencies). The City Council employs 49,000 people.

Economy

París es uno de los motores de la economía mundial.[71] En 2011, el PIB de la Región de París fue estimado por el INSEE en 607 000 millones de euros (845 000 millones de dólares).[10] Si se tratara de un país, esta región sería la decimoséptima economía más grande del mundo, con un PIB más grande que el de los Países Bajos y de Turquía, y casi tan grande como el de Indonesia.

Aunque en términos de población, la zona urbana de París representa menos del 20 % del área urbana de Francia, el PIB alcanza el 28,4 % del total. En cuanto a zonas urbanas, según las Naciones Unidas, su PIB es el cuarto más grande del mundo después de Tokio, Nueva York, Londres y delante de Los Ángeles. [72] Su PIB es comparable al de pequeños países del primer mundo.

La economía de París es extremadamente diversa y todavía no ha adoptado una especialización dentro de la economía global (semejante a Los Ángeles con la industria del entretenimiento, o Londres y Nueva York con servicios financieros). París es esencialmente una economía de servicios: el 45 % del PIB de la región de París está compuesto por servicios "Servicio (economía)") financieros, inmobiliarios y soluciones de negocios.

Casi la mitad del PIB de la Región de París se genera con el sector empresarial y los servicios financieros. El sector financiero del país se concentra en esta ciudad. La región de París sigue siendo una de las potencias manufactureras de Europa, debido al gran tamaño de su economía, con un cambio de la industria tradicional a la alta tecnología. Su economía se sostiene fundamentalmente en la fabricación de maquinarias de todo tipo. Es de destacar también la producción de artículos de lujo, como la alta costura, las joyas y los perfumes. En su puerto sobre el Atlántico en la ciudad de El Havre, moviliza el cuarto mayor volumen de tonelaje en Europa. El sector agrícola francés se mueve mayoritariamente en esta ciudad, que posee la mayor bodega de mercancías agrícolas del mundo.

Dentro de la región de París, la actividad económica es más intensa en la porción central del departamento de los Altos del Sena y en el triángulo entre la Ópera, La Défense y Val de Seine. Los Altos del Sena se han convertido en una especie de extensión del centro de París, con 873 775 trabajadores a finales de 2005, más de la mitad que en la ciudad de París propiamente dicha (1 653 551 empleados a finales de 2005).

Un estudio del Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme (IAU) publicado en 2019 subraya que los precios de la vivienda empujan a las personas modestas a abandonar París para instalarse en departamentos vecinos como el de Seine-Saint-Denis, lo que tiende a provocar un «aburguesamiento» de la capital y una pauperización de los departamentos vecinos.[73].

Commerce and finance

The Avenue des Champs-Elysées, which has been called "the most beautiful avenue in the world",[74] is one of the main shopping streets in Paris. It was originally a garden and has become a large avenue-promenade that connects the Arc de Triomphe with the Place de la Concorde. In this square, on both sides of Rue Royale, there are two stone buildings: the eastern one houses the Hotel de la Marina, to the west the luxurious Hotel de Crillon.

Nearby, Avenue Montaigne, is home to luxury brands such as Chanel, Dior, Louis Vuitton, Chloé, Lacoste and Givenchy (Paris is currently also called the world capital of fashion).[75] Place Vendôme is also famous for its luxury and fashionable hotels (Hotel Ritz "Hôtel Ritz (Paris)") and Place Vendôme) and its jewelers. Within the same sector is the Triangle d'Or"), which is an elitist area of Paris between avenues Montaigne, Georges V and a section of the Champs Elysées, which stands out for high fashion, and is home to big brands, such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix, or its cosmetic brands such as Sephora or L'Oréal.

Another prominent area in commerce is Les Halles, which was formerly the central market for meat and other products of the Paris market.[76] Les Halles market was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles around an important metro connection station (the largest in Europe). The central market of Paris, the largest wholesale food market in the world, was moved to Rungis, in the southern suburbs. To the west of Les Halles is Le Marais, a neighborhood with businesses and companies in the legal and banking field.

The area around the Garnier Opera is the area of the capital with the highest concentration of department stores and offices. Some examples are the Printemps and the Galeries Lafayette Haussmann department store. It is also the headquarters of financial giants such as BNP Paribas and Société Générale.

Outside the commune of Paris, La Défense (extends over part of the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 1.5 kilometers west of the city of Paris) is a key element of the suburbs (periphery) of Paris. La Défense is one of the main business and financial centers in the world and the largest in Europe. Built at the western end of the westward extension of the historic Champs-Elysées axis, La Défense is home to some of the buildings (all tower-shaped) belonging to the largest companies in the world. Started by the French Government in 1958, the district houses 3.5 million m² of offices, making this complex the largest in Europe in a district developed specifically for companies. The Grande Arche (Great Arch), in La Défense, houses part of the French Ministry of Transport and is the central area of the esplanade around which the district is organized.

Budget and taxation

The 2011 budget (city and department) amounted to 8,582 million euros, of which 6,906 million were allocated to operating expenses and some 1,676 million to capital expenses.[77] The outstanding debt amounted to 2,696 million euros. Loans guaranteed by the Paris department in 2008 amounted to 26.6 billion euros.[78].

After remaining stable between 2000 and 2008,[79] tax rates increased in 2009 to 9.59% for the municipal tax, 7.75% for the tax on built real estate, 14.72% for the tax on unbuilt real estate and 13.46% for the tax on economic activities.[80] Taxes represent 55% of the city's income. city.[81] Paris is one of the fifteen large French cities (with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants) that has not increased property tax rates in five years.[82] This stability only affects tax rates. The real estate bubble that developed during Mr. Delanoë's first term in office led to an extremely large increase in tax revenues from real estate.

The number of transactions and their value increased considerably. This fiscal bubble led to an increase in Paris City Hall staff from 40,000 to 49,000 people (73,000 people in 2013 for Paris City Hall and the Paris department according to Ifrap).[83] The bursting of this temporary real estate bubble has left the City Hall with a surplus of permanent expenses that must be financed in other ways. For this reason, Bertrand Delanoë announced in 2008 the creation of a new departmental real estate tax of 3% (paid exclusively by owners) and an increase in real estate tax rates.[84] For the period 2007-2012, the Union nationale de la propriété immobilière (UNPI) calculates that Paris is the city with the largest increase in real estate tax at the national level (+67.90% compared to an average 21.17%), due mainly to the creation of this departmental "Rate (tribute)" rate.[85].

After six years without an increase in local tax rates (from 2001 to 2008 inclusive) voted by Parisian voters, followed by two years of increases (2009 and 2010), the City Council has committed not to increase the rates of the 4 local taxes. According to the June 2010 issue of Capital magazine, Paris remains the city with the lowest local taxes.

The "Ratio (mathematical)") debt ratio of the Paris City Council (city and department) is 39% of its resources, well below the national average for large cities (89%). For 2010 and 2011, the city has obtained the highest rating from financial rating agencies, “AAA”, which means that it can borrow at the best rates to invest and build. Following a sharp increase in debt, a "near quadrupling of Paris' debt between 2001 and 2014", the rating agencies downgraded Paris in 2012 and 2013 to AA+.[83].

In a book entitled Comptes et légendes de Paris, Bilan de la gestion Delanoë (2011), the journalist Dominique Foing analyzes the management of the Paris City Council from 2001 to 2011, based on the reports of the General Inspectorate of the City of Paris and the Regional Audit Office of Île-de-France: municipal expenses would have increased by 44.45% ("tax revenues, including property tax real estate, collected from Parisian taxpayers went from 1.7 billion euros in the 2001 budget to 2.5 billion euros in the 2008 budget, that is, an increase of 47%", which represents a 70% increase in tax revenue between 2001 and 2011; At the same time, operating expenses would have increased by €2 billion, and debt, which was relatively low in 2011, would have increased by €1 billion.[86].

Culture

París ha sido un centro cultural y artístico relevante en la historia occidental. En ella nacieron, se formaron o desarrollaron sus carreras figuras francesas de la talla de René Descartes, Molière, Voltaire, Victor Hugo, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, hijo "Alexandre Dumas (hijo)"), Edgar Degas y Claude Monet entre otros. Desde comienzos del siglo y hasta finales de la década de 1960, París fue el centro mundial del arte.[99] Este periodo recibió su brillo de emblemáticos representantes del arte francés como Braque, Duchamp o Matisse y varios artistas extranjeros como Beckett, Brancusi, Bertolt Brecht Buñuel, Hemingway, Joyce, Kandinsky, Mondrian, Picasso y Stravinski.[99] En esta época hubo un progresivo desplazamiento de los centros creativos por diferentes barrios de la ciudad: desde Montmartre, cuna del cubismo, a Montparnasse, escenario de la bohemia de entreguerras y del surrealismo, hasta Saint-Germain-des-Prés "Saint-Germain-des-Prés (París)"), centro del movimiento existencialista asociado con Jean-Paul Sartre, y finalmente al barrio Latino, escenario del Mayo francés.[99] Todos estos núcleos conservan su preeminencia dentro de la vida cultural de la ciudad.

Muchos son los autores que han desarrollado sus historias teniendo a la capital francesa como escenario. Tal es el caso de Trópico de Cáncer "Trópico de Cáncer (novela)") (1934) de Henry Miller, Rayuela "Rayuela (novela)") (1963) de Julio Cortázar y París era una fiesta (1964) de Ernest Hemingway. Además, la ciudad cuenta con el mayor contenido de obras de arte, distribuido en sus numerosos museos y colecciones privadas.

Architecture and urbanism

Perhaps the Parisian architectural heritage is only comparable to that of Rome, which contributes to the fact that since 1991 the Banks of the Seine in Paris have been considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Gothic architecture had its origin in the Paris region, with the royal basilica of Saint-Denis being the first to be built in this style, from where it spread first to the entire kingdom of France and later to the rest of Europe.

"Modern" Paris is the result of a vast urban remodeling plan that emerged in the middle of the century.[18] For centuries, the heart of the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and medieval houses, but starting in 1852, Baron Haussmann made a great urban plan, demolishing much of it to form wide avenues lined with neoclassical stone buildings intended for the new bourgeoisie; most of this "new" Paris is the one we see today. These plans of the Second Empire, in many cases, are still in force, since the city of Paris has since imposed the so-called "alignement" (law that defines the position of the building leaving a certain width of the street) on many of the new constructions. The height of a building is also determined by the width of the street, and the Paris building code has seen little change since mid-century to allow for larger construction.

The effort to preserve Paris' historic past and current laws make it difficult to create within the city limits large buildings and public services necessary for a growing population. Many of the institutions and economic infrastructure are already on the periphery or in the process of doing so. The financial companies (La Défense), business district, the main wholesale food market (Rungis), the main renowned schools (École Polytechnique, ENSAM, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, etc.), the world-famous research laboratories (in Saclay or Avenue), the largest sports stadium (Stade de France), and even some ministries (such as Transport) are located outside the city of Paris. The National Archives of France are being moved to the northern suburbs, a process that should be completed by the end of 2010. However, the severe immutable limits, strict building codes and lack of developable land have not created in Paris the phenomenon called "museification" known in other European cities.[100].

Three of the most popular and oldest parks in Paris are: the Tuileries Garden, created in the century for the palace of the same name (now disappeared) and located on the right bank of the Seine, near the Louvre; the Luxembourg Garden; and the Jardin des Plantes, created by Guy de la Brosse, Louis XIII's doctor. Most of the other parks in Paris are creations of the Second Empire: The parks of Montsouris, Buttes-Chaumont and the Parc Monceau are the work of Jean-Charles Alphand, engineer to Napoleon III. Another project carried out in this period was the Boulogne forest, west of Paris. The Vincennes forest, on its eastern side, received similar treatment during the following years. These forests offer the city 2,000 hectares of nature,[101] to which are added other recently created spaces such as the Parc de la Villette and the Parc de Bercy. Theme and amusement parks such as Disneyland Resort Paris and Parc Astérix are located on the outskirts, quite far from the city.

Museums

In addition to the Louvre Museum, Paris has a wide range of museums.

Cinematography

On December 28, 1895 in Paris, the Lumière brothers (Auguste and Louis) gave the first showing of a cinematographic film. On February 2, 2000 in Paris, Philippe Binant[102] held the first public digital cinema screening in Europe, based on the application of a MEMS (DLP CINEMA) developed by Texas Instruments.[103].

Sports

The city has 360 sports facilities: 182 tennis courts, 131 municipal gymnasiums, 36 swimming pools (accommodation: 3.4 million admissions in 2006) and 10 school basins, 32 municipal stadiums, two for water sports without forgetting that the six interdepartmental parks are divided into three departments with respect to Paris and easily accessible.[104].

The city of Paris has organized three Summer Olympic Games (in 1900, 1924 and 2024).

The opening and final matches of the Soccer World Cup have been held twice, these were the 1938 Soccer World Cup and the 1998 Soccer World Cup.

It hosts the world's main tennis competition on clay, (Roland Garros Tournament) one of the four tournaments belonging to the Grand Slam "Grand Slam (tennis)").

The Tour de France, the world's premier road cycling race, traditionally finishes in Paris: the Parc des Princes from 1930 to 1967, the Vincennes Velodrome from 1968 to 1974, and the Avenue des Champs-Elysées from 1975.

In Paris, the matches that the French rugby team participates in the Six Nations Tournament are traditionally held.

The Grand Prix de l'Arc du Triomphe (*Prix de l'Arc du Triomphe) is held annually at the Longchamp racecourse in the Boulogne Forest (Bois de Boulogne).

The Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir was the venue for the athletics and football events of the 1924 Paris Olympic Games, while also hosting the final of the 1938 Football World Cup.

Meanwhile, the Parc des Princes hosted the Euro Cup final in 1960 and 1984, and the European Champions Cup final in 1956, 1975, 1981.

The Jean-Bouin Stadium "Jean-Bouin Stadium (Paris)") has hosted the French Sevens, the rugby tournament that makes up the Rugby 7s World Series.

Paris Gastronomy

The gastronomy of Paris is rich and varied. All meats are enjoyed by Parisians in numerous typical dishes: côte rôtie, entrecôte Bercy, saucisson à l'ail, bœuf-miroton... and the Houdan hen, a species that almost disappeared and was appreciated until a century ago.[105] As for vegetables, of all the fruits and vegetables one can be found in Paris.[106] The Montmorency cherry has a lot of tradition, as well as the champignons de Paris that gave its name to the mushroom in Spain; Croissy carrots and Argenteuil asparagus also had it, now disappeared...[107][108] In addition to many cheeses, such as brie "Brie (cheese)") or coulommiers "Coulommiers (cheese)").

This without forgetting the capital's important pastry tradition (Bourdaloue cake, Saint-Honoré, brioche and viennoiseries, financier, millefeuille, Paris-Brest...) and some of its iconic specialties such as flaky croissant, baguette, croque-monsieur and onion soup.

In Paris, haute cuisine emerged in the century, a style of cuisine today served in luxury hotels and restaurants. Some of the great Parisian gourmet restaurants are, for example, Maxim's (opened in 1893), Le Grand Véfour") (1784), L'Archestrate (1968-1985), and La Tour d'Argent (1582).