Conservation are actions aimed at avoiding or slowing the progression of deterioration in order to protect and ensure the material life of cultural assets, without aiming at the restitution of aesthetic and historical values through procedures and/or treatments performed on the objects.[10].
There are techniques and programs that allow the digitization of musical information to preserve, from the sound corresponding to a particular interpretation of a musical work, in the form of a sound signal that can be processed by audio editing programs, to the image of the score handwritten by the composer himself, with the possibilities that this offers for the restoration of the possible deterioration suffered by the original document. [14].
Different types of media can be found in audiovisual archives; however, to date, the most common are cinematographic film and video. Cinema as an audiovisual heritage, which until the appearance and popularization of video was the audiovisual medium par excellence, has been traditionally preserved and treated in film libraries or cinematheques, organizations dedicated to the archive, exhibition, preservation and dissemination of cinematographic works, as well as the conservation of techniques and types of filming in disuse. Since its commercial dissemination in the 1970s, video represented the synthesis of preceding technologies – film, disk and photography – facilitating the recording, conservation and reproduction of sound along with the conservation and reproduction of the image. The popularity acquired means that he is found in various institutions that provide him with similar treatment although adapted to his particular needs. Compared to the textual discourse and the fixed visual document, the media that rely on the mobile image and sound pose problems in the analysis process, due to the mobile and transitory nature of the messages they emit. The documentary filmmaker will be forced to review or re-audition and the sequences will be defined and located using a stopwatch. Now, audiovisual documents represent the synthesis of the interrelation between image and word, since they support each other to resolve the deficiencies that each subsystem has on its own. Just as photography needs the caption text to focus the meaning of the image, here it is the sound that performs the necessary contextualizing function. In addition, the sequential overlay of images also helps explain the messages. Audiovisual documents are more semantically precise than visual documents and more semantically complete than audio documents. Given that audiovisual information is made up of elements that belong to the field of images and sound, its study must be approached from a double dimension:
• - Considering each of the levels separately.
• - Considering the two levels together, observing the transformations they undergo as a result of the combination of codes. Year 5, No.20, Oct. – Dec. 2004 Likewise, it will be necessary to consider the purposes of processing these documents, which can be two:
• - Unitary recovery of videos, DVDs, etc., in libraries and other information units.
• - Fractional recovery in informative microunits (sequences, scenes, shots, etc.) of news, reports, advertising spots, etc., in the media. This reality implies that the documentary unit may be any thematic unit of information (film, video or program, report, sequence or shot). If we deal with audiovisual documents that are part of Libraries, they will be described like the rest of the collection, either in a unitary way or in an analytical way, but generally the same standards will be applied to them: the ISBD (NBM), the corresponding chapter of the Spanish cataloging rules, the same list of subject headings and the CDU. In the case of videos preserved in television audiovisual documentation archives/services, the processing unit will be the sequence or shot. It is this case that we are going to address in detail below.
Elements of conservation:.
There are different methods and techniques for preserving documentation, as well as several types of formats for storing information.
There are key elements to take into account that are fundamental to preserve and protect documentary heritage.
Some of the elements of conservation are the following:.
Audiovisual Documents: This element includes all types of audiovisual content which includes: radio programs, movies, short films, television, audio and video recordings.
These elements are essential to know history and analyze the society and culture of different times, preserving history.
Document Management: The correct way of managing audiovisual documents is really important. Which involves processes such as storage, cataloguing, searching, accessing, consulting, retrieving, transferring and recording information. Digitalization is a key factor to improve these processes.
Audiovisual Files: These files not only store documents, but also facilitate access to audiovisual sources. Archives are present in sectors such as cinema, television and radio broadcasting and their main function is to guarantee permanent accessibility to documents.
Support Integrity: It is important to keep in mind that all types of activity related to information must contain supports and must also be supported. Audiovisual documents are found in different formats (photographic, cinematographic, digital, etc.). It is important to maintain the integrity of these supports as it is essential for their preservation.
Support Selection and Preparation: It is always necessary to keep in mind that the best existing copy must be selected and the support prepared for conservation. Which implies the evaluation of the quality and condition of the original material.
At the dawn of the century, the notion of cultural heritage has not ceased to be enriched with a global anthropological and sociological approach that leads to considering it as a set of diverse manifestations, which has been received from our past, which have become irreplaceable testimonies that represent the development of a society and must be transmitted to future generations. The concepts of cultural heritage have been associated for centuries with monuments that express the excellence of human work, which is why some have been overvalued and others forgotten. When we talk about historical heritage, it is a collective, not individual, inheritance, the product of events that occurred, characters, material objects that have transcended over time, and the social space, which become part and essence of the history of a place. These cultural objects are emissaries and links between human generations and are formed through a social construction, which is diverse and responds to the exclusive ways of manifesting the society to which it belongs.[15].
Historical heritage is related to various material assets such as built heritage, in the past, this could refer only to historical monuments, today, in this century, this notion is much broader, heritage can also be: urban, rural, modest, vernacular, popular, industrial, among others.[15].
The natural heritage can also be taken into account, which is the development of the formation of nature over the course of different eras, but let us not forget the work of human beings in their context, which keeps culture alive and is part and judge of that heritage, which makes up cultural landscapes in their different categories.[15].