In the first half of the century, the projects presented at the Academy of San Lucas in Rome reflected the search for a grandeur of scale and the predilection for elementary geometric forms. The annual competitions called by the Roman Academy represented a very important aspect for the architectural production of the time, since they fulfilled the task of defining new trends in international architecture.[1].
Around 1750, grandiose views also became a constant in French academic production. Many architects, such as Jacques-Pierre de Gisors"), Pierre-Jules Delespine"), Antoine Vaudoyer") and Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, exemplify the visionary grandeur of late-century French architecture. In this context, the most influential were Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude-Nicolas Ledoux.[1] These two architects initiated the definition of "visionary architects." or "revolutionary architects", that is, interpreters of the changes related to the French Revolution, despite the fact that, on a biographical level, they had had nothing directly to do with the Revolution.[2].
The turning point of Boullée's architecture was the project for the completion of the Hotel Brunoy, which dates back to 1779 and is characterized by its solemn and pretentious forms. In 1780 he presented a series of drawings for the rebuilding of the Palace of Versailles, which foreshadowed the architect's visionary aspirations. In 1781 he dedicated himself to the project of a theater for the Place du Carrousel, characterized by a large circular colonnade and crowned by a lowered dome.
The successive designs for the new church that was to be built on the foundations of the still incomplete Madeleine church by Pierre Contant d'Ivry show a grandiose building, with infinite vaults and more than three thousand columns. These colossal proportions, absolutely beyond the limits of the resources of the time, are also recorded in the projects of a museum and a library, in which functional requirements no longer seem to have any relevance. In other words, Boullée had decided to treat architecture exclusively as a pictorial representation, a representation often obscure and steeped in esoteric references.
A synthesis of Boullée's ideals can be found in Newton's cenotaph project, a large empty sphere that recalls the immensity of the universe, evoking cosmic sensations. The sphere becomes the image of perfection: simple, symmetrical and capable of offering suggestive light and shadow effects. After the French Revolution, his projects lost any minimal reference to reality: increasingly larger public buildings, triumphal arches, lighthouses and pyramid-shaped tombs characterized the last phase of Boullée's production.[5].
Boullée's fantasies were influenced by the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, but the factor that changed the way of thinking about architecture was the introduction, in France, of the English romantic garden.[6] Starting in 1770, this typology found intense fortune throughout the country; Boullée himself, who had probably experimented with such projects as early as 1765, designed a garden at Issy-les-Moulineaux. Along with more frivolous gardens, of Anglo-Saxon taste, many others were created with more noble objectives, of a moral nature, such as that of Ermenonville, the work of René-Louis de Girardin"), which was frequented by Rousseau himself. The connection between Boullée's ideas and those of the landscape garden theorists are numerous: the great theater of the Place du Carrousel is presented as a reinterpretation, on a giant scale, of the Temple of l'Amour") of Versailles (1777-1778), while Newton's cenotaph seems to be linked to some gazebos and pavilions described by William Chambers "William Chambers (architect)") in the volume Dissertation on oriental garden.[7][8].
Several architects experienced the influence of the theorists of the picturesque and Boullée; Antoine Vaudoyer") will design his House of a Cosmopolitan in 1785, a year after the presentation of the project for Newton's cenotaph; in that same year, Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine published the design of a pharaonic sepulchral monument for the sovereigns of a great empire.
If Boullée's visionary works did not exceed the theoretical realm, Ledoux's true passion was that of building. One of the most important commissions for the architect was the construction of forty barriers for the wall of Paris. Begun in 1785 and completed in a short period of time, these barriers constituted a concrete example of a new and powerful architecture, characterized by the use of elementary geometric forms and by a parsimonious decoration, a conception in some way indebted to the rigid classicism of Jacques Gondouin and his École de Chirurgie (1769-1775).[10] Most of these constructions were demolished in the middle of the 19th century. century; Of the four barriers that remain, the Rotonde de la Villette is presented as the most significant, with a large drum "Drum (architecture)") with a primordial splendor that crowns a compact rectangular mass.
One of Ledoux's most famous projects is the project for the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, whose buildings evoke vigor and power, while presenting a manifestly defensive aspect.[11] The project for the ideal city of Chaux represents the expansion on utopian bases of the Royal Saltworks. This complex, only partially realized, moves through a deeply symbolic language: for example, the house of the river watchmen, never built, was designed as a hollow cylinder inside which the water course was to run, while the cemetery was conceived as a large complex dominated, in the center, by a spherical body, similar to Newton de Boullée's cenotaph.[12].
Ledoux was also fascinated by symbolism and, in particular, by the close correlation between the form of a building and its function, becoming the precursor of what, in 1852, Léon Vaudoyer") defined as "speaking architecture".[13] With his style, clearly inspired by that of Piranesi, Ledoux suggested, in a practical way, the journey towards a new and radical architecture that Boullée had only conceived as an abstract ideal. Ledoux did not reach the solemnity of Boullée, but his works reveal a greater social commitment, which will often lead him to be presented as a precursor of socialism.[14] In fact, although Ledoux's projects are affected by the philosophy of the time, they also exemplify the poetic ideal of an architecture at the service of social reforms.[15].
Much more controversial was the figure of Jean-Jacques Lequeu. Despite the profound influence that Ledoux and Boullée had on him, his undoubted fantastic capacity led him to verge on the neurotic. He broke all conventions of symmetry and taste, designing enormous towers, a cow-shaped dairy, houses that combined Gothic and classical elements...[16].