Egypt

Egyptian achievements in architecture were varied, ranging from temples, walled cities, canals and dams. The most original constructions of monumental Egyptian architecture are the pyramid complexes "Pyramid (construction)"), temples and tombs (mastabas, speos and hypogeums).

Due to the shortage of wood,[3]​ the two building materials predominantly used in Ancient Egypt were adobe and stone, primarily limestone, but also sandstone and granite in large quantities.[4]​.

Current information on ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments,[5] massive structures characterized by their large size, with slightly inclined walls and few openings, repeating a construction method possibly used to obtain stability in adobe wall buildings.

Nubia

Nubian architecture is one of the oldest in the world. One of the first types of buildings were speos, funerary constructions drilled into solid rock, an achievement that took place around 3700-3250 BC. C. The Egyptians made extensive use of the process at Speos Artemidos and Abu Simbel.[6]​.

Kerma was founded around 2400 BC. C. It was a walled city that contained religious buildings, large circular houses, a palace and a good layout of roads. On the eastern side of the city, a temple and a chapel were designed. The city had a population of 2,000 people. An important structure was the Deffufa, an adobe temple on the top of which ceremonies were held. Between 1500 and 1085 BC. C., the Egyptian conquest and domination of Nubia came to an end.

This conquest gave rise to the Napatian Phase of Nubian history: the birth of the Kingdom of Kush. This era had immense influence from Egypt and eventually conquered it. During this phase, numerous pyramids and temples are built. Gebel Barkal in the city of Napata was a very significant site. In Napata itself, thirteen temples and two palaces have been excavated, although the archaeological explorations have not yet been completed. The Nubian pyramids were built at three main sites: El Kurru, Nuri and Meroe. These consisted of steep walls, a chapel facing east, stairs facing east and a chamber accessed through the stairs.[7][8]​ The site of Meroe has the largest number of Nubian pyramids and is considered one of the largest archaeological sites in the world. Around 350 d. C., the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum "Aksum (city)") and the kingdom of Kush collapsed.[9]​.

Kingdom of Aksum

The most famous building of this period is the tower from the century BC. in Yeha, Ethiopia, believed to have been the capital of D'mt"). Aksum architecture flourished in the region from the 100s BC onwards, persisting even after the transition from the Aksumite dynasty to the Zagüe dynasty in the 20th century, as evidenced by various Aksumite influences in and around the medieval churches of Lalibela. Other monumental structures include the massive underground tombs. The stelae (hawilts) were the only ones large monolithic structures erected (or attempted to be built). Other structures that used monoliths were tombs, such as the "Tomb of the False Door" and the tombs of Kaleb and Gebre Mesqel in Axum "Aksum (city)"); however, most structures (such as palaces, villas, dwellings and other churches and monasteries) were built with alternating layers of stone and wood.

Maghrebi architecture

The Berbers left thousands of tombs, whose architecture is unique in northwest Africa. The most famous was the "Tomb of the Christian Woman" in western Algeria. This structure contains columns that culminate in a dome and spiral pathways that lead to a single chamber.[10]​.

Nok Culture

Nok culture artifacts have been dated to 790 BC. C., on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, between the Niger and Benue rivers. In the archaeological excavation of the Nok settlement at Samun Dikiya, the tendency to build on hilltops was discovered, although in general Nok settlements have not been extensively excavated.[11]​.

Tichitt Walata

Ticchit Walata is the oldest preserved settlement in West Africa and the oldest stone-built settlement south of the Sahara. It is believed that it was built by the Soninke and that it would have been the precursor of the Ghana Empire. It was occupied around 2000 BC. c.

Egypt

Egyptian achievements in architecture were varied, ranging from temples, walled cities, canals and dams. The most original constructions of monumental Egyptian architecture are the pyramid complexes "Pyramid (construction)"), temples and tombs (mastabas, speos and hypogeums).

Due to the shortage of wood,[3]​ the two building materials predominantly used in Ancient Egypt were adobe and stone, primarily limestone, but also sandstone and granite in large quantities.[4]​.

Current information on ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments,[5] massive structures characterized by their large size, with slightly inclined walls and few openings, repeating a construction method possibly used to obtain stability in adobe wall buildings.

Nubia

Nubian architecture is one of the oldest in the world. One of the first types of buildings were speos, funerary constructions drilled into solid rock, an achievement that took place around 3700-3250 BC. C. The Egyptians made extensive use of the process at Speos Artemidos and Abu Simbel.[6]​.

Kerma was founded around 2400 BC. C. It was a walled city that contained religious buildings, large circular houses, a palace and a good layout of roads. On the eastern side of the city, a temple and a chapel were designed. The city had a population of 2,000 people. An important structure was the Deffufa, an adobe temple on the top of which ceremonies were held. Between 1500 and 1085 BC. C., the Egyptian conquest and domination of Nubia came to an end.

This conquest gave rise to the Napatian Phase of Nubian history: the birth of the Kingdom of Kush. This era had immense influence from Egypt and eventually conquered it. During this phase, numerous pyramids and temples are built. Gebel Barkal in the city of Napata was a very significant site. In Napata itself, thirteen temples and two palaces have been excavated, although the archaeological explorations have not yet been completed. The Nubian pyramids were built at three main sites: El Kurru, Nuri and Meroe. These consisted of steep walls, a chapel facing east, stairs facing east and a chamber accessed through the stairs.[7][8]​ The site of Meroe has the largest number of Nubian pyramids and is considered one of the largest archaeological sites in the world. Around 350 d. C., the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum "Aksum (city)") and the kingdom of Kush collapsed.[9]​.

Kingdom of Aksum

The most famous building of this period is the tower from the century BC. in Yeha, Ethiopia, believed to have been the capital of D'mt"). Aksum architecture flourished in the region from the 100s BC onwards, persisting even after the transition from the Aksumite dynasty to the Zagüe dynasty in the 20th century, as evidenced by various Aksumite influences in and around the medieval churches of Lalibela. Other monumental structures include the massive underground tombs. The stelae (hawilts) were the only ones large monolithic structures erected (or attempted to be built). Other structures that used monoliths were tombs, such as the "Tomb of the False Door" and the tombs of Kaleb and Gebre Mesqel in Axum "Aksum (city)"); however, most structures (such as palaces, villas, dwellings and other churches and monasteries) were built with alternating layers of stone and wood.

Maghrebi architecture

The Berbers left thousands of tombs, whose architecture is unique in northwest Africa. The most famous was the "Tomb of the Christian Woman" in western Algeria. This structure contains columns that culminate in a dome and spiral pathways that lead to a single chamber.[10]​.

Nok Culture

Nok culture artifacts have been dated to 790 BC. C., on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, between the Niger and Benue rivers. In the archaeological excavation of the Nok settlement at Samun Dikiya, the tendency to build on hilltops was discovered, although in general Nok settlements have not been extensively excavated.[11]​.

Tichitt Walata

Ticchit Walata is the oldest preserved settlement in West Africa and the oldest stone-built settlement south of the Sahara. It is believed that it was built by the Soninke and that it would have been the precursor of the Ghana Empire. It was occupied around 2000 BC. c.