Advanced community management
Introduction
Participatory democracy is a form of democracy in which citizens have greater participation in making political decisions than that traditionally granted to them by representative democracy. Participatory democracy allows greater citizen participation than in representative democracy but less than in so-called direct democracy and equivalent in many of its mechanisms to semi-direct democracy.
Its ideological background makes “a distinction between individualism – in the style of Rousseau – and the dignity of the human person. As an individual, the human being is nothing more than a fragment of society, but as a person invested with dignity and rights, he is the repository of the interests and aspirations of society as a whole.»[1] This concept was widely developed by Jacques Maritain in two of his works: Integral Humanism and Man and the State. Furthermore, Nobel Prize-winning economist Arthur Lewis noted that all those affected by a decision should have the opportunity to participate in the process of making that decision, either directly or through elected representatives.[2].
Its mechanism can be defined more precisely as a political model that facilitates citizens' ability to associate and organize in such a way that they can exert a direct influence on public decisions. Currently it is usually manifested through a variety of procedures, such as participatory budgets, neighborhood councils, community councils or popular consultations.[3].
At a more advanced stage, the fundamental project of participatory democracy is the creation of a deliberative mechanism through which the people, with their own participation, are enabled to express themselves equally with both majority and minority points of view. Without denying that every democratic system must ultimately rest on majority decisions, the mechanisms or institutions of participation have the purpose of emphasizing full respect for minorities, their opinions and their broad expression through a participatory and institutionalized mechanism.
Stake
The participation that is developed through various means in many modern democracies is beginning to consolidate within the scope of representative democracy as a new way of doing things. Participation should not be limited, however, to local authorities and other public bodies informing the population of their activities and decisions or inviting citizens to witness their debates, but rather involves listening to the population in formulating their own problems and in the search for opportunities and improvements. Furthermore, it is essential to provide them with the means to channel political, social or economic action and participate in public decisions for the purposes of change.