Other analytical approaches
Administration in Latin American terminology, or Direction and Organization in Spanish terms, that is, Management, includes what some authors distinguish as Administrative Theory: they are propositions about administrative techniques. They define what management is, how it is managed and how management works; and Organizational Theory: propositions that study the nature, structure and functioning of the organization. They define what an organization is, what it is like and how it works.[18].
In E.E. the so-called Theory of Business Economics is developed: it aims to discover and clarify the causes and interdependencies of the social economic phenomena of the company. To do this, it will develop general and particular theories of finance, marketing, production, costs, etc., and will incorporate Organizational Theory and Administrative Theory, the latter in its most theoretical aspects.[20][21][22].
From this perspective, it is proposed that the action of managing is typical and innate of Homo Sapiens, being a product of human reason, that is, it is a human capacity or faculty. In using the ability to manage, man will naturally make some type of forecast - plan - organization or self-organization (of the human action to be executed, e.g. selling, manufacturing, registering, etc.) - direction or self-direction (of the human action in execution) - control (of the human action executed) seeking to satisfy some need or end.
That is, there can be no intentional economic and organizational human action without the use of human management capacity; both dimensions will be closely linked. Given this, this is what Claude S. George mentions that the administration has been difficult to detect since it was always confused with other actions such as selling, buying, registering, etc.;[23] and in the public sphere, in the words of Omar Gerrero Orosco, it was confused with finances, economics, and law.[24].
It must be differentiated from actions carried out by other species that act by instinct and biological impulses; although the human being will partly act based on these impulses, a product of the reptilian mind, or basic brain, which will operate, integrating neural networks, as a background of the human capacity for administration as a manifestation of reason.
This human capacity for administration constitutes the primary universality of administration, and from here derives technological universality. Implying that administration is practiced not only in a human group organized in the organizational economy, but that the self-sufficient or isolated man will also manage by carrying out self-direction - organization - control of the multitasking executed in his particular economy. Without the use of the human capacity for administration, any economic action is impossible. Here the economic and neuropsychological aspects will be considered.
Paraphrasing Descartes, one could say “I administer, then I execute”, although, also later, everything happens simultaneously in a recursive manner.[17] [Note 4].
From this perspective, it is proposed that administration is a construction of man that is linked to culture, and that it is the result of the evolutionary effort of the human race to solve problems regarding the use of resources and the creation of wealth.
It is argued that it is an invention to overcome the limitations of individual performance and the characteristics of the environment. They are creations of culture, the choice of mechanisms to adapt, modify and control organizational processes through administrative techniques.
It is about managing the symbolic elements of reality (data and information) within constructions also formed by symbols that represent the functions), hierarchies, and the structural relationships of the organization. Therefore, organizations are artificial systems that allow certain objectives to be achieved.
Here administration is conceptualized as the construction of symbolic artifacts to resolve the complexity that man represents in obtaining certain results from human and material inputs, and satisfying the production of goods and services.[18].
Based on these last two approaches, we can speak of a primary universality and a secondary universality*, of first and second order, namely:.
Here what some authors, such as Pierre Bourdieu, have called "Symbolic Revolution" will operate in the background: which is when cognitive structures are subverted.[25] This means that there will be an administration and administration (even if it is not scientific) of and for each revolution or stage of humanity.
As Konrad Mellerowicz mentions), since needs are eternal, like invariable human nature, so is the economy of exploitation. What varies is the industrial technique and the "economic system" (Sombart). of economic organization. Exploitation is the permanent and systematic execution of an economic activity, the organized realization of a work, as primitive or as complicated as you want. And he adds that, in every economic system there is an economy of exploitation and that the technique must be the same whatever the system that prevails, and that there will always exist within certain limits a single type of technique to be used (both manufacturing and administrative) that will correspond to the state of technical development of the time.[26] In the same sense Pinazo Hernandis quotes, administration is of all times and of all societies. The fact of administering is as old as the existence of governments; but the science of administration is very modern.[27].